Chapter 16. Water, Sanitation, and Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Leaving No One Behind

Drinking water infrastructure in a peri-urban slum of Lima, Peru. The tanks are filled periodically by water tankers.

In this chapter, we take a global view of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), with a particular focus on lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that are struggling to achieve WASH access for all their residents. We address questions such as these:

  • What are the health and economic impacts of inadequate access to WASH?
  • How do we define acceptable levels of WASH access?
  • Has WASH access improved over the last several decades, and how far do we still have to go?
  • How much funding will it take to solve WASH problems, and where will this funding come from?

A slideshow based on Chapter 16 (including all the figures and tables in the chapter) is available here and below.