Dams and aqueducts – the quintessential “hard path” technologies – are among the most useful, but also the most problematic, water-management tools. This chapter addresses the complex issues associated with these technologies, including questions such as these:

• How has the discourse around dams changed over the last century?
• What are the impacts of dams on rivers and communities?
• Can we maximize the benefits of dams while minimizing their social and ecological impacts?
• What are the benefits and possible pitfalls of removing dams?
• What are the pros and cons of long-distance water transport through aqueducts?